Carbon emission reduction and cost–benefit of methane digester systems on hog farms in China

Three different sizes of hog farms were selected to analyze the carbon emissions reduction and the cost–benefit of three methane digester systems. The sizes of the digesters are 2,200, 2,200 and 800 m³, respectively. The sales of slaughter hogs from them are 50,000, 35,000 and 10,000 head, respectively. The carbon emissions reductions were 5,237, 4,017, and 1,334 tons, respectively. The results show that while the methane digester systems have a significant effect on carbon emissions reduction, it is difficult to operate the systems sustainably. If the carbon emissions reduction can be traded at high enough prices in the carbon offset markets, then the systems will be profitable and sustainable. Newly established China's domestic carbon offset market could provide this possibility, but more government support is needed. In addition, this study shows that scale economies make the digester adoption relatively more profitable for larger farms than smaller ones.     

Suitable error evaluation criteria selection in the wind energy assessment via the K-means clustering algorithm

In this paper, wind energy potential of four locations in Xinjiang region is assessed. The Weibull distribution as well as the Logistic and the Lognormal distributions are applied to describe the distributions of the wind speed at different heights. In determining the parameters in the Weibull distribution, four intelligent parameter optimization approaches including the differential evolutionary, the particle swarm optimization, and two other approaches derived from these two algorithms and combined advantages of these two approaches are employed. Then the optimal distribution is chosen through the Chi-square error (CSE), the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test error (KSE), and the root mean square error (RMSE) criteria. However, it is found that the variation range of some criteria is quite large, thus these criteria are analyzed and evaluated both from the anomalous values and by the K-means clustering method. Anomaly observation results have shown that the CSE is the first one should be considered to be eliminated from the consequent optimal distribution function selection. This idea is further confirmed by the K-means clustering algorithm, by which the CSE is clustered into a different group with KSE and RMSE. Therefore, only the reserved two error evaluation criteria are utilized to evaluate the wind power potential.     

初始pH值对磷酸盐还原除磷的影响研究

以超高盐（盐度7％，以NaCI计）高磷榨菜废水为研究对象，考察了初始pH值对磷酸盐还原进程的影响。实验结果表明，初始pH值对磷酸盐还原除磷效能影响显著。初始pH为8时，磷酸盐还原除磷率达到最高，平均值为65．45％。同时，初始pH值还会影响污泥中活性磷的形成以及基体对磷化氢的吸附。此外，偏碱性有利于磷形态转化，且BD-P（主要是一些可溶性的、还原性强的、带有Fe-P化合物的集合）含量的高低调控着生物膜内间隙水中溶解态可反应性磷（DRP）和可还原水溶态磷（RSP）含量，最终决定着磷酸盐还原进程。随着初始pH值的升高，污泥对磷化氢的吸附能力降低导致污泥中结合态磷化氢（MBP）含量不断减少。     

活性炭纤维处理腐植酸废水

采用活性碳纤维处理腐植酸模拟废水,通过静态吸附和动态吸附的研究,测定吸附等温线和动态吸附曲线;研究不同温度、不同活性炭纤维、不同pH值和流速对处理效果的影响。     

两种不同的地下水污染风险评价体系对比分析:以北京市平原区为例

地下水污染风险评价对地下水的污染防治区划及合理开采利用地下水资源具有重要意义.目前国际上最具代表性的评价体系包括UN体系和WP体系.两种体系基础要素均包括地下水固有防污性能、含水层富水性、地下水水质、地下水源保护区和污染负荷,但是5个基础要素的组合方式不同.为探讨两种体系评价结果的差异性及造成差异性的原因,对北京市平原区地下水分别采用UN体系和WP体系进行污染风险评价,将评价结果进行对比分析.结果表明,UN体系和WP体系存在明显差异,2种体系的评价等级空间分布趋势相似,均符合实际情况,但是同等级覆盖范围差异较大;并且评价体系构成的层次问题、评价要素的叠加规则及评价过程中运用的分级方法都可能对UN体系和WP体系的地下水污染风险评价结果造成影响.UN体系和WP体系评价方法都适用于平原区的地下水污染风险评价,但是2种评价体系考虑的侧重点不同.     

华南某市生活垃圾组成特征分析

依据城市生活垃圾采样分析方法对华南某市20个街镇生活垃圾的物理性质和物理组成进行历时一年的研究.结果表明,研究区域垃圾平均容重为0.22×103kg·m-3,垃圾三组分(水分、灰分和可燃物)所占比例分别为55.0%~66.9%、18.6%~30.3%、69.7%~81.4%,有机质含量比例为50.1%~58.0%,各研究区镇垃圾热值范围为6 570~9 652 k J·kg-1,平均热值为8 272 k J·kg-1,高于世界银行推荐的垃圾焚烧所需最低热值(7 000 k J·kg-1).其它物理组分所占比例分别如下:厨余类为39.8%~53.3%,橡塑类为16.5%~33.4%,纸类为5.61%~7.95%,纺织类为1.14%~5.16%,竹类为2.49%~5.12%,玻璃类为1.10%~1.47%,混合类5.86%~7.57%,灰土类2.46%~6.73%,金属0.1%~0.32%,陶瓷0.4%~0.69%.相关分析和主成分分析结果表明纺织类、橡塑类、纸类、可燃物比重对焚烧有促进作用,厨余类、玻璃类、容重、灰分、含水率、灰土等则对焚烧有一定的负影响.     

让实验室测试值更贴近真实世界防护值——护听器的声衰减值评价方法讨论

本文介绍了护听器声衰减值的评价方法,对比了我国、ISO、欧洲EN、美国ANSI和澳大利亚新西兰AS/NZS标准中关于护听器声衰减值评价方法的差异。着重讨论在测试过程中,使用不同的受试者和护听器佩戴方式得出的检测数据与真实世界防护值的一致性情况。研究表明,使用"受试者自行佩戴"的方式测得的数据能更好地反映护听器在真实世界的防护性能。     

化学还原法处理电镀含铬废水的工程应用

用亚硫酸氢钠作还原剂处理含铬电镀废水时,不调节废水pH值会出现暂时定性检测不含六价铬的假象,过一段时间废水中又会出现六价铬,导致排水不达标.针对这一现象进行实验和工程实践,结果表明,不调节pH值增加亚硫酸氢钠的投加量和不增加亚硫酸氢钠投加量而pH值调节到3～4都能使处理后水质稳定,达到排放标准(GB21900-2008...     

基于TCM的旅游资源游憩价值评估——以世界文化遗产宏村为例

古村落是一种独特的人文旅游资源,对其游憩价值进行量化评估可为景区(点)的旅游开发和资源保护提供科学依据.基于问卷调查,利用经典的资源价值评估方法--旅行费用法对宏村古村落旅游资源2008年的国内游憩价值进行了核算,结果为23593.14万元,在此基础上对TCM的核算过程进行了评价.